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Fact Sheets: Risk Factors and Possible Causes

Abortion, Miscarriage, and Breast Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 05/30/2003) - This fact sheet discusses research on abortion, miscarriage, and a woman's chances of developing breast cancer later in life.

Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 07/29/2008) - This fact sheet reviews research about a possible connection between acrylamide in food and cancer risk. Acrylamide is a chemical that is used primarily for industrial purposes. It has been found in certain foods, with especially high levels in potato chips, French fries, and other foods produced by high-temperature cooking.

Agricultural Health Study
(Reviewed: 03/28/2006) - A fact sheet about the Agricultural Heath Study, begun In 1993 by scientists from the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Antiperspirants/Deodorants and Breast Cancer: Questions and Answers
(Reviewed: 01/04/2008) - A fact sheet describing studies on whether there is a link between underarm antiperspirants or deodorants and breast cancer.

Artificial Sweeteners and Cancer
(Reviewed: 08/05/2009) - A fact sheet that reviews research studies on the possible connection between artificial sweeteners and cancer.

Asbestos Exposure and Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 05/01/2009) - A fact sheet about asbestos, asbestos-related diseases, and who to contact for more information.

Aspartame and Cancer
(Reviewed: 09/12/2006) - A study of about half a million people, published in 2006, compared people who drank aspartame-containing beverages with those who did not. Results of the study showed that increasing levels of consumption were not associated with any risk of lymphomas, leukemias, or brain cancers in men or women.

Ataxia Telangiectasia: Fact Sheet
(Reviewed: 01/26/2006) - A fact sheet about ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a rare, recessive genetic disorder of childhood that occurs in between one out of 40,000 and one out of 100,000 persons worldwide.

Benzene Causes Lowered Blood Cell Counts in Workers Exposed at Low Levels
(Reviewed: 12/02/2004) - A fact sheet about a study that found that white blood cell counts were lowered in workers exposed to less than 1 ppm of the chemical benzene (part benzene per million parts air).

BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing
(Reviewed: 05/29/2009) - A fact sheet about the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, how BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations (changes) affect a person's risk of cancer, genetic testing for cancer risk, interpreting test results, and the benefits and risks of genetic testing.

Cancer Clusters
(Reviewed: 10/05/2006) - A fact sheet that describes what constitutes a cancer cluster and the process for reporting clusters.

Cellular Telephone Use and Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 09/09/2009) - This fact sheet outlines the available evidence regarding use of cellular/mobile telephones and cancer risk.

DES: Questions and Answers
(Reviewed: 11/29/2006) - A fact sheet about DES (a synthetic form of estrogen) and the health problems of children who were exposed to DES while in the womb.

Estimating Breast Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 09/05/2006) - A fact sheet about the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool. This online tool uses several recognized risk factors to help health care providers estimate a woman's chances of developing breast cancer.

Fluoridated Water: Questions and Answers
(Reviewed: 06/29/2005) - A fact sheet that summarizes research studies that conclude that there is no connection between fluoridated water and cancer.

Formaldehyde and Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 11/20/2009) - This fact sheet discusses formaldehyde and its possible association with cancer. Includes resources for more information.

H. pylori and Cancer: Fact Sheet
(Reviewed: 10/17/2006) - A fact sheet about the relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric cancer, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and other cancers.

H. pylori and Pancreatic Cancer: Fact Sheet
(Reviewed: 06/19/2001) - A fact sheet about the study "Helicobacter pylori Seropositivity as a Risk Factor for Pancreatic Cancer."

Hair Dyes and Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 10/07/2009) - This fact sheet reviews research about the possibility of a connection between personal hair dye use and cancer.

Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats
(Reviewed: 09/15/2004) - A fact sheet that explains how heterocyclic amines (HCA) are created in meat that is well done, fried, or barbecued, and how consuming these chemicals is associated with certain types of cancer.

Human Papillomaviruses and Cancer: Questions and Answers
(Reviewed: 02/14/2008) - A fact sheet about the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cancer.

I–131 and Radioactive Fallout
(Reviewed: 12/11/2002) - A fact sheet about radioactive fallout, the airborne radioactive particles that fall to the ground during and following aboveground nuclear weapons tests.

Magnetic Field Exposure and Cancer: Questions and Answers
(Reviewed: 04/21/2005) - A fact sheet about research on electric and magnetic fields and their relationship to certain cancers.

Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Use and Cancer
(Reviewed: 10/05/2007) - A fact sheet about the results of research on menopausal hormone replacement therapy use. Includes information about the effect of menopausal hormone replacement therapy use on the body. Also outlines the benefits and risks of using menopausal hormones.

Nasopharyngeal Radium Irradiation (NRI) and Cancer: Fact Sheet
(Reviewed: 01/10/2003) - A fact sheet about nasopharyngeal radium irradiation, widely used from 1940 through 1970 to treat ear dysfunctions in children and military personnel.

National Cancer Institute Brain Tumor Study in Adults: Fact Sheet
(Reviewed: 12/20/2000) - In 1994, researchers at the National Cancer Institute initiated a comprehensive study on the causes of brain tumors in adults.

National Cancer Institute Breast Implant Study: Fact Sheet
(Reviewed: 05/01/2006) - A fact sheet about a National Cancer Institute study initiated in 1992 to investigate the long-term health effects associated with silicone breast implants.

No Excess Mortality Risk Found in Counties with Nuclear Facilities
(Reviewed: 05/20/1996) - A fact sheet about an NCI survey that showed no general increased risk of death from cancer for people living in 107 U.S. counties containing or closely adjacent to 62 nuclear facilities.

Obesity and Cancer: Questions and Answers
(Reviewed: 03/16/2004) - A fact sheet that summarizes research on the potential link between obesity and cancer risk.

Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk: Questions and Answers
(Reviewed: 05/04/2006) - A fact sheet about research on the risk of developing cancer of the breast, cervix, liver, and ovary from the use of oral contraceptives.

Pregnancy and Breast Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 04/30/2008) - This fact sheet describes what is known about the relationship between pregnancy and breast cancer risk. It also describes breast cancer risk factors that are not related to pregnancy.

Psychological Stress and Cancer: Questions and Answers
(Reviewed: 04/29/2008) - A fact sheet that summarizes research studies on the relationship between stress-induced changes in the immune system and the causation of cancer.

Radon and Cancer: Questions and Answers
(Reviewed: 07/13/2004) - A fact sheet about radon, an odorless radioactive gas, and its possible association with cancer, and how to test for radon in the home.

Recent Studies Regarding HPV and Cervical Cancer
(Reviewed: 07/27/2005) - A fact sheet about the ALTS and Portland Kaiser Permanente studies, which examined whether testing for HPV16 and HPV18 was more effective at predicting risk for precancerous conditions or cervical cancer than testing for a broader pool of HPV types.

Silicone Breast Implant Study and Breast Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 05/01/2006) - A fact sheet about a National Cancer Institute study to determine the long-term health effects associated with silicone breast implants, including any changes in breast cancer risk.

Simian Virus 40 and Human Cancer
(Reviewed: 04/03/2003) - This fact sheet describes research on the potential link between simian virus 40 (SV40) found in early polio vaccines and the risk of cancer.

Study Shows Link Between Antibiotic Use and Increased Risk of Breast Cancer
(Reviewed: 12/29/2004) - A fact sheet about a study that found that antibiotic use was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

Vasectomy and Cancer Risk
(Reviewed: 06/24/2003) - This fact sheet describes the possible relationship between vasectomy and the risk of prostate and testicular cancer.


A Service of the National Cancer Institute
Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health USA.gov